The History of Aluminum and Charles Martin Hall

Aluminum is the most abundant metal element in the earths crust, but it is always found in a compound rather than an easily-refined ore. Alum is one such compound. Scientists tried to tease the metal out of alum, but the process was costly until Charles Martin Hall patented an inexpensive method to produce aluminum in 1889. History of Aluminum Production Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish chemist, was the first to produce tiny amounts of aluminum in 1825, German chemist Friedrich Wà ¶hler developed a method that produced enough to study the metals basic properties in 1845. French chemist  Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville finally developed a process that allowed commercial production of aluminum. However, the resulting metal still sold for $40 per kilogram in 1859. Pure aluminum was so rare at that time it was considered a precious metal.   Charles Martin Hall Discovers the Secret of Cheap Aluminum Production On April 2, 1889, Charles Martin Hall patented an inexpensive method for the production of aluminum, which brought the metal into wide commercial use. Charles Martin Hall had just graduated from Oberlin College (located in Oberlin, Ohio) in 1885 with a bachelors degree in chemistry  when he invented his method of manufacturing pure aluminum. Charles Martin Halls method of processing the metal ore was to pass an electric current through a non-metallic conductor (molten sodium fluoride compound was used) to separate the very conductive aluminum. In 1889, Charles Martin Hull was awarded U.S. patent number 400,666 for his process. His patent conflicted with that of Paul L.T. Heroult who arrived at the same process independently at practically the same time. Hall had enough evidence of the date of his discovery that the United States patent was award to him rather than Heroult. In 1888, together with financier Alfred E. Hunt, Charles Martin Hall founded the Pittsburgh Reduction Company now known as the Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA). By 1914, Charles Martin Hall had brought the cost of aluminum down to 18 cents a pound, and it was no longer considered a precious metal. His discovery made him a wealthy man. Hall obtained several more patents to improve the production of aluminum. He received the Perkin Medal in 1911 for outstanding achievement in applied chemistry. He was on the Board of Trustees for Oberlin College and left them $10 million for their endowment when he died in 1914. Aluminum from Bauxite Ore One other inventor needs to be noted, Karl Joseph Bayer, an Austrian chemist, developed a new process in 1888 that could cheaply obtain aluminum oxide from bauxite. Bauxite is an ore that contains a large amount of aluminum hydroxide (Al2O3 ·3H2O), along with other compounds. The Hall-Hà ©roult and Bayer methods are still used today to produce nearly all of the worlds aluminum. Aluminum Foil Metal foil has been around for centuries. Foil is solid metal that has been reduced to leaf-like thinness by beating or rolling. The first mass-produced and widely used foil was made from tin. Tin was later replaced by aluminum in 1910, when the first aluminum foil rolling plant â€Å"Dr. Lauber, Neher Cie., Emmishofen.† was opened in Kreuzlingen, Switzerland. The plant, owned by J.G. Neher Sons (aluminum manufacturers) started in 1886 in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, at the foot of the Rhine Falls - capturing the falls’ energy to produce aluminum. Nehers sons together with Dr. Lauber discovered the endless rolling process and the use of aluminum foil as a protective barrier. From there began the wide use of aluminum foil in the packaging of chocolate bars and tobacco products. Processes evolved to include the use of print, color, lacquer, laminate and the embossing of the aluminum.

The Hog Problem Case Study Integrated Logistics Essay

The Hog Problem: Integrated Logistics Executive Summary The hog slaughtering plant located in Brendon, Manitoba has the capacity to slaughter 2.5 million hogs per year, around 50,000 per week and 10,000 per day. Hogs arrive at the slaughter plant from all over Manitoba and certain parts of Saskatchewan via truck. Every farm is located within a different distance from the slaughter facility and delivery lead times vary from as low as half an hour to as high as three and a half hours. Farms vary in size, which impacts the lot sizes for each respective farm. This variation in size subsequently affects the loading/unloading time span, which vary from one and half hour to four and half hours. The number of farms†¦show more content†¦These waiting times severely delay trucks and thus increase the cost of transportation and extend the lead times. Moreover, the trucks inefficient utilization have negative affects on the fixed cost of owned vehicles. Dependency on Farmers Delivery Nature: Tactical Timing: Short Term Approximately 25% of the shipments to the plant arrive in farmer-owned trucks. These shipments vary in size from 50 to 200 hogs. The farmer’s scheduled delivery affects the overall hogs supply, and the plant is heavily dependent on the farmers schedule accuracy. Lead Time Fluctuation Nature: Tactical Timing: Short Term Lead time varies significantly, which affects the inventory cycle. The plant has to set a safety stock that will protect the production against stock outs, vehicle breakdowns, weather related delays and the shortage of supply from farmers and hogs barns. PART 2- ENVIRONMENTAL AND ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS The hog slaughtering plant located in Brendon, Manitoba has the capacity to slaughter 2.5 million hogs per year, around 50,000 per week and 10,000 per day. Hogs arrive at the slaughter plant from all over Manitoba and certain parts of Saskatchewan by trucks. Every farm is located within a different distance from the slaughter facility and delivery lead times vary from as low as half an hour to as high as three and a half hours. Farms vary in size, which impacts the lot sizes for each respective farm.Show MoreRelatedAn Industry Study on the Intensive Pig Farming Industry15104 Words   |  61 Pagestake the risk duly present in businesses dealing with the propagation of life. Industry Study Background of the Industry Hog raising is our industry of choice. Intensive pig farming, the focus of our industry analysis, is the practice of raising domestic swine up to its slaughter weight in a confinement. Pigs are being raised on a massive scale, which results in a dense hog population within the confines of hog houses. The domestication of pigs started five thousand to nine thousand years ago. 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Frankenstein Essay Introduction Example For Students

Frankenstein Essay Introduction Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley is a complex novel that was written during the ageof Romanticism. It contains many typical themes of a common Romantic novel suchas dark laboratories, the moon, and a monster; however, Frankenstein is anythingbut a common novel. Many lessons are embedded into this novel, including howsociety acts towards the different. The monster fell victim to the systemcommonly used to characterize a person by only his or her outer appearance. Whether people like it or not, society always summarizes a personscharacteristics by his or her physical appearance. Society has set anunbreakable code individuals must follow to be accepted. Those who dont followthe standard are hated by the crowd and banned for the reason ofbeing different. When the monster ventured into a townmonster hadhardly placed his foot within the door children shrieked, and womenfainted (101). From that moment on he realized that people did not likehis appearance and hated him because of it. If villagers didnt run away at thesight of him, then they might have even enjoyed his personality. The monstertried to accomplish this when he encountered the De Lacey family. The monsterhoped to gain friendship from the old man and eventually his children. He knewthat it could have been possible because the old man was blind, he could not seethe monsters repulsive characteristics. But fate was against him and thewretched had barely conversed with the old man before his childrenreturned from their journey and saw a monstrous creature at the foot of theirfather attempting to do harm to the helpless elder. Felix darted forward,and with supernatural force tore the creature from his father (129). Felixs action caused great inner pain to the monster. He knew that his dream ofliving with them happily ever after would not happen. After thatbitter moment the monster believed that the human senses areinsurmountable barriers to our union with the monster (138) and with theDe Lacey encounter still fresh in his mind along with his first encounter ofhumans, he declared war on the human race. The wicked beings source of hatredtoward humans originates from his first experiences with humans. In a way themonster started out with a child-like innocence that was eventually shattered bybeing constantly rejected by society time after time. His first encounter withhumans was when he opened his yellow eyes for the first time and witnessedVictor Frankenstein, his creator, rush out of the laboratory(56). Would this have had happened if society did not consider physicalappearance to be important? No. If physical appearance were not important thenthe creature would have had a chance of being accept ed into the community withlove and care. But society does believe that physical appearance is importantand it does influence the way people act towards each other. Frankenstein shouldhave made him less offending if even he, the creator, could not stand hisdisgusting appearance. There was a moment however when Frankenstein wasmoved (139) by the creature. He felt what the duties of acreator (97) were and decided that he had to make another creature, acompanion for the original. But haunting images of his creation (from themonsters first moment of life) gave him an instinctive feeling that the monsterwould do menacing acts with his companion, wreaking twice the havoc! Reoccurringimages of painful events originating from a first encounter could fill a personwith hate and destruction. We as a society are the ones responsible for thetransformation of the once child-like creature into the monster we all know. Thepublic needs to know that our society has flaws and they must be removed befor eour primal instincts continue to isolate and hurt the people who are different. .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a , .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a .postImageUrl , .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a , .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a:hover , .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a:visited , .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a:active { border:0!important; } .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a:active , .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaf6f09645dd7fd2d0f1207d74481894a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sexual Harassment EssayWith such a large amount of technology among us, some people may wonder why suchan advanced civilization still clings on to such primitive ways of categorizingpeople.

Landing on the Moon free essay sample

Houston this is Tranquility base, the Eagle has landed,† or did it? Some people believe this is one of the governments biggest cover ups, did Apollo 11 land on the moon or was it all a hoax and a major cover up? In this paper I will show how the facts prove that Apollo 11 did in fact land on the moon and that is was not a cover up. Nine years prior to the launch date of the Saturn V, President John F. Kennedy had said that by the end of the decade the country would put a man on the moon and return him safely to Earth. The landing of the Apollo 11 on the moon ushered in the era of the moon exploration that so far until then had gone unrivaled. When President Kennedy made his announcement it came at the height of the space race, which was a subplot to the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. We will write a custom essay sample on Landing on the Moon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Soviet Union started the space race by sending the first artificial satellite into orbit, Sputnik l in October 1957 (www. nationalgeographic. com). The Apollo 11 astronauts had several tasks that they wanted to accomplish during their extravehicular activity (EVA) operations on the surface of the Moon. The astronauts planned to collect lunar samples, deploy several experiments and examine and photograph the lunar surface. The EVA lasted about 2 ? hours, and all scientific experiments were completed satisfactory, all instruments were deployed and samples were collected. Neil Armstrong emerged from the spacecraft first, and while he descended, he released the Modularized Equipment Stowage Assembly on the Lunar Module’s descent stage. There was a camera on this module that provided live television coverage of man’s first step on the Moon (www. lpi. usra. edu). Now that we have a little bit of history on Apollo 11, why we launched Saturn V into space to attempt to land a man on the moon and return him safely back to Earth and some of the things that Apollo 11 was suppose to do if and when it landed on the moon, we can now get down to the debate. Did Apollo 11 really land on the moon, or did our government succeed in one of the largest cover ups known? According to some of the conspiracy theorists that are out there and that are saying that the Apollo 11 landing on the Moon was all a hoax say that the flag was waving in the pictures and footage that we see. How can a flag wave in the wind if the surface of the moon is airless, it can’t. The flag was made from an aluminum foil substance, which would mean that there would have to be a huge fan in the studio to make it â€Å"wave† on the moon. So that points to NASA faking the landing, it must have happened in a studio where there were huge fans that would create a breeze, and that is why the flag moved (www. londonladyhubpages. com). Incorrect, there is an explanation to this theory that proves that the flag that was placed on the moon could in fact â€Å"wave† after the astronaut placed it on the moon. The reason that the flag is â€Å"waving† after the astronaut placed it on the moon, is inertia from when he let it go (www. nationalgeographic. com). Inertia is understood and described in Newton’s First Law of Motion: that an object not subject to any net external force moves at a constant velocity. Which means an object will continue to move at its current velocity until some force causes its speed or direction to change (www. wikipedia. org). Without drag or friction from the air, the momentum from the planting of the flag on the moon will last for sometime after it has been planted and let go. And that is why the flag looks like it is â€Å"waving† in the picture. There is a lot of controversy around some of the photographs that were taken on the moon, the one where Neil Armstrong and the Eagle are reflected in Buzz Aldrin’s visor or the other major one is how the shadows of the objects are in pictures, how they are not parallel. So for the first theory about only two astronauts on the moon, and who took the pictures is simple to explain. The astronauts had cameras that were mounted to their chests. In the famous picture of Neil Armstrong you can see how his arm is around his chest area, where the camera was mounted. Plus the visors of the astronauts were curved, so you cannot judge distance very well, and Buzz was a lot closer than he looked (www. nationalgeographic. com) (www. londonlady. hubpages. com). Now to prove the shadow conspiracy theory wrong, the shadows in some of the pictures were not parallel like they should have been; which some people are saying that there has to be more than one light source in order for this to happen. You can achieve this very easily, all you have to do is change the topography of where ever you are taking the pictures. That is why on the moon it we have shadows that are not parallel, the topography of the moon allows this to happen (www. youtube. com). Theory number three that we will prove to be wrong, there are no stars in any of the photographs that were taken while on the moon. Once again we go back to how the cameras were back then for one, the astronauts were using exposure settings which limited incoming background light. When you take pictures fast, the stars would not have had time to register on the film. Another reason that we did not see stars in any of the photographs from the moon landing is that the moon’s surface reflects sunlight, and that glare would have made the stars hard to see (www. nationalgeographic. com). The final theory that I am going to talk about is that of the footprints that were left on the moon by the astronauts. People say that the surface of the moon is to dry for this, and the footprints that they would have left would not have as much detail as the ones in the pictures. Truth is that moon dust, or regolith is like a finely ground powder, when you look at in under a microscope it almost resembles volcanic ash. So when you step down on it, it compresses very easily into the shape of your shoe. Plus the vacuum in space will allow for the footprints to remain in space for a very long time (www. nationalgeographic. com) (www. londonlady. hubpages. org). With all that being said I think science backs up the fact that the Apollo 11 did in fact land on the moon. For every theory from the conspiracists, there is a scientific explanation to prove them wrong. There are more theories out there I only addressed a few, but I feel that in fact the only hoax that took place here is the hoax that the conspiracy theorists are trying to pull off. The moon does not have a flat smooth topography which explains the shadows in the pictures, inertia explains why the flag moved after being placed and the makeup of moon dust explains how and why the footprints look the way they do.